The Nikkei gained 1.93% or 162.77 points to 8597.38 points and the Topix, broader, took 1.59% or 11.55 points to 740.01 points.

Financials have been sought. The banking index gained 1.59%. Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group gained almost 3%.

Daiichi Sankyo has gained nearly 2% to 1,400 yen.

The bond rate to ten years in Italy continued its flight Friday morning, dangerously approaching its record high, while Rome was able to borrow 10 billion euros in the markets but at astronomical rates. Around 11:45, the yield stood at 7.247% Italian, against 7.081% at the close Thursday. He had reached Nov. 9 the highest since the creation of the euro area to 7.483%.

A borrowing rate of 7% is considered unsustainable in the long term by experts for a country to be able to honor its debt. "The award has not gone well, which puts further pressure on Rome and its new government," said Cyril Regnat, bond strategist at Natixis.

The European Central Bank (ECB) decided on Thursday to the surprise of lowering its key rate a quarter point to 1.25%, it had noted in the same proportion there is barely five months.

Since the launch of the euro on 1 January 1999, the ECB changed its rates 34 times (18 increases and 16 decreases).

French President and German Chancellor, speaking at a joint press conference after a summit in the first twenty-seven on Sunday morning and noon, said the work "techniques" were still to be completed by the next level of the EU and the euro area on Wednesday.

"Work is progressing well on the banks of the fund and the potential use of this fund are tightening the assumptions and broad agreement is taking shape.On the issue of Greece things are progressing.

The transformation of the European Financial Stability Fund (EFSF) in the bank, which insisted on France, no longer part of the options considered by the finance ministers of the euro, has also said Angela Merkel.

Without commenting on this issue, Nicolas Sarkozy said that France was just as attached as Germany the independence of the institution in Frankfurt, which is itself hostile to the possibility of granting a banking license and Unlimited funding EFSF.

"No solution is viable if it does not have the support of all European institutions," said Nicolas Sarkozy.

The two leaders also said they urged the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, with whom they met ahead of the summit, for it to decisively implement a program of growth and debt reduction Alps.

"I hope that decisions will be taken (…) Italy is a major economic force but Italy has a very high public debt should be reduced in a credible way in the coming years," said Angela Merkel.

Nicolas Sarkozy has outbid by saying that Paris and Berlin were "confident sense of responsibility of all the Italian authorities' political, financial and economic," said Nicolas Sarkozy.

Luxembourg Prime Minister said at the microphone of the German radio Deutschland Funk that the problems of banks and debt of the States were going to get worse and you need a custom solution for banks.

Asked if a forced recapitalization was intended to force the banks to contribute more, Jean-Claude Juncker said: "Banks should be aware that if the current voluntary creditors is not sufficient (…), then we must realize that we need a mandatory participation of creditors. "

Friday, its rival Moody's had downgraded 12 financial institutions in the UK, including Lloyds and RBS, also citing the likelihood of public support for any future crisis.

The rating agency, has downgraded its rating floors for UK banks of systemic importance, says in a statement placing the Barclays notes under review with negative implications, highlighting its exposure to volatile market activities .

"The dynamics of support are changing in the UK," Judge Fitch.

"Not only the banking system is large compared to the rest of the UK economy, but there is also increased political will to reduce the implicit support for banks."

Lloyds and RBS are held respectively 41% and 83% by the British state.

Around 1:50 p.m. GMT, action Lloyds lost 4.66% to the London Stock Exchange, while RBS yielded 2.91% and 5.08% Barclays. The Stoxx Europe 600 sector at the same time gave up 3.58%.

His immense contribution to the computer and creativity, which revolutionized the everyday practices of millions of people worldwide, were immediately welcomed in the political class and the world of new technologies but also among Apple customers, often become unconditional followers of products born of his imagination.

"Steve Jobs was among the greatest innovators Americans brave enough to think differently, bold enough to think himself capable of changing the world and talented enough to do so," said President of the United States Barack Obama, saying that the world had "lost a visionary."

From Los Angeles to Sydney, admirers began to pay tribute to Steve Jobs before the Apple Stores'. Before one of these stores in New York, candles, flowers, an apple or an iPod were filed in an impromptu memorial. In San Francisco, some waved their iPads by including one on the screen in black and white portrait of Steve Jobs.

The phenomenon also affects many websites, including Apple, which changed its home page to display a picture of his co-founder, simply titled "Steve Jobs: 1955-2011."

At company headquarters, the flags were taken at half-mast.Employees have left flowers on a bench.

"For those of us who were lucky enough to work with him, it was an insanely great honor," said former rival Bill Gates, former head of Microsoft and other icon of the computer, using the phrase "insanely great" that liked to use Steve Jobs himself.

Outside the residence of Steve Jobs in Palo Alto, neighbors and friends laid flowers and left messages on the sidewalk."Thank you for changing the world," it said in particular.

SOLID COMPANY

Steve Jobs has died in Palo Alto, California, surrounded by his wife and his closest relatives, said Apple, with no other details.

He resigned in late August from his position as CEO of Apple, saying that his health no longer allowed him to take charge.He was then sent to Tim Cooks his right arm over the reins of the company was born, according to legend, in a garage.

For most analysts and investors, Steve Jobs gives a company strong enough to continue growing despite the loss of one who was also its main source of innovation and its charismatic promoter.

Apple, the second market capitalization on Wall Street behind the oil major Exxon Mobil, however, faces many challenges, including the face of competition from Google, whose Android operating system team more and more smartphones.

The Cupertino company is also engaged in a legal showdown with South Korea's Samsung Electronics in terms of intellectual property.

"Steve Jobs has introduced many revolutionary changes in the field of information technology and it was a great entrepreneur. His innovative spirit and its remarkable achievements remain forever etched in the minds of people around the world," said Samsung boss, GS Choi.

The famous "keynote"

Steve Jobs's death occurs after the presentation by Tim Cook of the new iPhone 4S in a "keynote" as Steve Jobs featured at each release of a new Apple product. The new device has attracted little enthusiasm, much regretting the lack of major innovation for the product best-selling worldwide.

Steve Jobs's death was announced after the end of virtually all trade with the New York Stock Exchange.The Apple stock ended the session at 378.25 dollars but the title side yielded 3.7% in Frankfurt on Thursday morning.

Tim Cook said that Apple would hold "soon" in-house ceremony in honor of Steve Jobs.

"Intelligence, passion and energy of Steve were the source of countless innovations that have enriched and improved the lives of all of us. The world is infinitely better thanks to Steve," Apple wrote in a statement.

Steve Jobs' wealth is estimated by Forbes magazine to seven billion dollars and it is unclear how it will be distributed.

Decisions taken on 21 July to control the debt crisis of the Greek are not sufficient, the judge in the Financial Times Deutschland a group comprising a committee of "wise men" German business, an adviser to the French government and an official of the Economic Review International Monetary Fund (IMF).

"Creditors should give about half of the nominal value of their Greek bonds," they write."So it would be possible for Greece to reduce its debt to a sustainable level by yourself."

The leaders of the euro area agreed on July 21 with a discount of 21% on Greek bonds by an exchange of indebtedness in Athens more time to repay loans. But many players still consider it inevitable failure wider Athens on its debt.

The authors of the platform of the Financial Times Deutschland ask it possible for banks to exchange securities against Greek bonds issued by the European Financial Stability (EFSF), to ensure a smooth restructuring process.

"In addition, banks holding large amounts of Greek sovereign bonds need special support," we read in the gallery."This is especially true for Greek banks."

Greek bank stocks Monday fell more than 6% to a low of 19 after news reports indicating a discount greater than expected on the debt of Athens, despite the denial of the Greek government.

Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou on Tuesday traveled to Berlin to meet German Chancellor Angela Merkel and discuss the progress of Athens in the implementation of fiscal reforms required in return for international aid.

Greek MPs should approve the meantime in the day an unpopular property tax, a new austerity measures intended to pave the way for the return of the inspectors of the "troika" – IMF, EU and European Central Bank – responsible for assessing whether Athens will receive the next tranche of aid decided in May 2010 and thus avoid bankruptcy.

In after-hours trading, the value gained 1.3% after closing down 2.31% the Tuesday meeting.

The American group, which has diversified in the last year by buying the equipment server manufacturer Sun Microsystems, has a turnover of 8.37 billion dollars in its first fiscal quarter ended in August, an increase of 12% over the previous year.Wall Street expected $ 8.35 billion.

Sales of new software, guaranteeing revenue to come in the area of ​​maintenance, increased 17% against a 15% increase expected.

Net income rose to $ 1.84 billion, or 36 cents a share, Cutter $ 1.35 billion, or 27 cents per share a year earlier.

Excluding items, the profit amounted to 48 cents a share against 46 cents expected by the Thomson Reuters consensus I / B / E / S.

Quarterly dividend of six cents per share, payable on November 2.

Fears about the banking stocks have been very heavy on Monday on all European markets. In Paris, Societe Generale tumbled 8.64% to 20.25 euros, signing the largest decrease in the CAC 40. BNP Paribas lost 6.34% to 31.30 euros, Crédit Agricole (-5.51% to 5.84 euros) and Natixis (-5.68% to 2.55 euros). In the background, the difficulties of Greece, the threat of a lawsuit in the United States against 16 banks – including Societe Generale – for their responsibility in the subprime crisis, and the desire to recapitalize European banks by the IMF .Dominique Dequidt but remains optimistic.

What are the fears about banks today?

First, the gradual disappearance of the sovereign rating in Greece opened the door to further degradation, Ireland and Portugal in the lead. This is one of the great fears in the market today. Investors fear losses that may result in banking stocks that are exposed. Indeed some of the U.S. money market funds that had liquidity of investments in Europe have rather taken off the market last week. The second point is the deterioration of the American note in the summer. She amplified these fears and stoked fears of slowing global growth.

These fears are justified?

It is not really justified, at least in the short term. It is mainly a crisis of confidence that undermines the market.But look closer, banks are healthy. When we look at the credits granted by banking institutions in Europe, there is no need to panic. They rose 3% in the first quarter and 4% in the second. And despite a rather European growth at half the second quarter.

Banks are robust enough to withstand the risk of European sovereign debt and the threat of global recession?

Yes, in the event that we are not witnessing a collapse of the banking system. But there is no need to be as alarmist as the IMF on the recapitalization of banks. They have made big profits in the first half. BNP Paribas, despite its 450 million refinancing of provisions in the Greek debt, posted a profit of more than 2 billion euros in the first quarter.

But banks are very fearful to lend to each other.The level of cash placed with the European Central Bank has now reached 151 billion euros …

We are in a tense situation since the beginning of August the fears are heavy on the strength of some banks. Hence the difficulty they face to lend to each other. This level is certainly high compared to six months ago. But we are still far from the amounts of their outstanding 2008 in which the ECB had reached astronomical levels.

The trial of the U.S. federal government against 16 global banks – including the general society – he may weigh on an already difficult climate?

I do not think, at least for France and Europe. They are not involved in the trial. And regarding the risks of fines, it is called, in the extreme case, a fine running into hundreds of millions of euros.This is a difficult but there is no major concern to have.

To what extent can we expect an impact on the real economy if the situation worsens?

Banks have made a big effort on their balance sheets, it is not in the same situation of overheating than during the crisis. They are now well prepared for the state of distrust of the markets. But the phenomenon of double-dip recession may occur. 3 months ago investors imagined a soft landing in growth after the good figures of 2010. Today expectations are more cautious, and go up to imagine a recession in 2012.